Sources for our claims

Physician and clinical researcher

Sources

1. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Hana Kahleova, M.D., Ph.D. Staff biography.

   States her medical degree and doctorate in nutrition and diabetes from Charles University in Prague, postdoctoral work at Loma Linda University, and her role as director of clinical research.

More than 100 publications in PubMed

Sources

1. PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Author search: Kahleova H[Author].

   On 27 October 2026 the search returned 108 records, mostly original research and reviews, plus a small number of commentaries and letters. The full list is also on our publications page.

Diabetologia, JAMA Network Open and BMJ

Sources

1. Kahleova H, Belinova L, Malinska H, Oliyarnyk O, Trnovska J, Skop V, Kazdova L, Dezortova M, Hajek M, Tura A, Hill M, Pelikanova T. Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals in a reduced-energy regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(8):1552–1560.

   DOI 10.1007/s00125-014-3253-5PMID 24838678

   First author. See also the study below.

2. Kahleova H, Petersen KF, Shulman GI, Alwarith J, Rembert E, Tura A, Hill M, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. Effect of a low-fat vegan diet on body weight, insulin sensitivity, postprandial metabolism, and intramyocellular and hepatocellular lipid levels in overweight adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(11):e2025454.

   DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25454PMID 33252690

   First author. One of several of her papers in JAMA Network Open.

3. Chiavaroli L, Lee D, Ahmed A, et al., Kahleová H, Salas-Salvadó J, Kendall CWC, Sievenpiper JL. Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2021;374:n1651.

   DOI 10.1136/bmj.n1651PMID 34348965

   Co-author.

4. Semnani-Azad Z, Khan TA, Chiavaroli L, et al., Kahleová H, Rahelic D, Salas-Salvadó J, Kendall CW, Sievenpiper JL. Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2025;389:e082007.

   DOI 10.1136/bmj-2024-082007PMID 40533200

   Co-author.

The New York Times, BBC and Newsweek

Sources

1. Rabin RC. The case for a breakfast feast. The New York Times, 21 August 2017.

   Reports her Adventist Health Study 2 analysis and quotes Dr. Kahleová.

2. Burn belly fat, boost your immunity and cut your chances of heart disease and type-2 diabetes with this one simple diet change. BBC Countryfile Magazine (countryfile.com), 9 July 2025.

   Quotes Dr. Kahleová as lead author of a study on dietary acid load and weight.

3. Notarantonio L. Even ‘unhealthy’ vegan diet better than Mediterranean for weight loss. Newsweek, 25 November 2025.

   Describes a study led by Dr. Kahleová.

Two meals vs six meals (Diabetologia, 2014)

Sources

1. Kahleova H, Belinova L, Malinska H, Oliyarnyk O, Trnovska J, Skop V, Kazdova L, Dezortova M, Hajek M, Tura A, Hill M, Pelikanova T. Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals in a reduced-energy regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(8):1552–1560.

   DOI 10.1007/s00125-014-3253-5PMID 24838678

   Randomised, open, crossover trial in Prague: 54 adults with type 2 diabetes followed the same reduced-energy diet as six meals and as two meals (breakfast and lunch), each regimen for 12 weeks. Weight, liver fat and fasting glucose fell more, and insulin sensitivity (OGIS) rose more, with two meals. No adverse events were observed.

2. Erratum to: Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals… Diabetologia. 2015;58(1):205.

   DOI 10.1007/s00125-014-3411-9PMID 25316434

   The correction concerns the liver-fat values, which were printed as fractions instead of percentages (−3.0% with six meals vs −4.0% with two meals). The direction of the result is unchanged.

Because the trial was a crossover, every participant followed both regimens, 12 weeks each. These are study results in people with type 2 diabetes, not a promise of program outcomes.

Two fuller meals earlier in the day and an overnight fast

Sources

1. Kahleova H, Belinova L, Malinska H, Oliyarnyk O, Trnovska J, Skop V, Kazdova L, Dezortova M, Hajek M, Tura A, Hill M, Pelikanova T. Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals in a reduced-energy regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(8):1552–1560.

   DOI 10.1007/s00125-014-3253-5PMID 24838678

   Trial evidence for eating breakfast and lunch only, compared with six meals of the same energy content.

2. Kahleova H, Lloren JI, Mashchak A, Hill M, Fraser GE. Meal frequency and timing are associated with changes in body mass index in Adventist Health Study 2. J Nutr. 2017;147(9):1722–1728.

   DOI 10.3945/jn.116.244749PMID 28701389

   Observational cohort of 50,660 adults followed for about 7 years. Eating one or two meals a day, eating breakfast, making breakfast or lunch the largest meal and a long overnight fast were associated with a decrease in BMI. An association, not proof of cause.